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Cirebon

Coordinates: 6°42′26″S 108°33′27″E / 6.7071°S 108.5574°E / -6.7071; 108.5574
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This article is about the city of Cirebon. For the regency, see Cirebon Regency. For the sultanate, see Sultanate of Cirebon.
Cirebon
  • Caruban
  • Cheribon
City
City of Cirebon
Kota Cirebon
Other transcription(s)
 • Sundaneseᮎᮤᮛᮨᮘᮧᮔ᮪
 • Javaneseꦕꦶꦉꦧꦺꦴꦤ꧀
 • Pegonچيرٓبَون
Mausoleum of Sunan Gunung Jati
Krucuk roundabout
Flag of Cirebon
Flag
Coat of arms of Cirebon
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Kota Udang
(City of Shrimps)
Amsterdam van Java
(Amsterdam of Java)
Motto(s): 
Gemah Ripah Loh Jinawi
(Serene, Prosperous, Abundantly Fertile)
Location within West Java
Location within West Java
Cirebon is located in Java
Cirebon
Cirebon
Location in Java and Indonesia
Cirebon is located in Indonesia
Cirebon
Cirebon
Cirebon (Indonesia)
Coordinates: 6°42′26″S 108°33′27″E / 6.7071°S 108.5574°E / -6.7071; 108.5574
Country Indonesia
RegionJava
Province West Java
Government
 • MayorAgus Mulyadi (acting)
Area
 • City39.48 km2 (15.24 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,116.24 km2 (430.98 sq mi)
Population
 (mid 2023 estimate)
 • City341,980
 • Density8,700/km2 (22,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
2,702,421
 • Metro density2,400/km2 (6,300/sq mi)
 [1]
Time zoneUTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time)
Area code(+62) 231
License plateE
Websitecirebonkota.go.id
You may need rendering support to display the Sundanese script in this article correctly.

Cirebon (Indonesian pronunciation: [t͡ʃirə'bɔn], formerly rendered Cheribon or Chirebon in English) is a port city on the northern coast of the Indonesian island of Java. It is the only coastal city of West Java, located about 40 km west of the provincial border with Central Java, approximately 297 km (185 mi) east of Jakarta, at 6°43′S 108°34′E / 6.717°S 108.567°E / -6.717; 108.567. It had a population of 296,389 at the 2010 census[2] and 333,303 at the 2020 census;[3] the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 341,980 (comprising 171,638 males and 170,342 females).[1]

The built-up area of Cirebon reaches out from the city and into the surrounding regency of the same name; the official metropolitan area encompasses the whole of this regency as well as the city, and covers an area of 1,116.24 km2 (430.98 sq mi), with a 2010 census population of 2,363,585; the 2020 census total was 2,603,924[3] and the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 2,702,421.[1]

Straddling the border between West and Central Java, Cirebon's history has been influenced by both Sundanese and Javanese culture as well as Arab and Chinese,[4] and is the seat of a former Sultanate.

Etymology

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Being on the border of Sundanese (i.e., Western Java) and Javanese (i.e., Central Java) cultural regions, many of Cirebon's residents speak a dialect that is a mix of Sundanese and Javanese, known as Jawareh. It is thought that the word "Cirebon" derives from the Javanese word, caruban, meaning "mixed": a reference to the city's mix of Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and Arabic cultural elements. Alternatively, it could be derived from the Sundanese words "ci" (water or river) and "rebon" ("shrimp").[5] (Indeed, the main product of the city is fish including shrimp.)

History

[edit]
See also: Sultanate of Cirebon

The sultanate court lies near the modern-day city of Cirebon on West Java's northern coast. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the sultanate thrived and became an important center in the region for trade, commerce, and Islamic study and dissemination in Java. In 1677, the sultanate split into four royal houses, leaving four kratons (palaces) in Cirebon; Keraton Kasepuhan, Kraton Kanoman, Keraton Kacirebonan, and Keraton Keprabonan. Each has its own lineage and all are the descendants and stewards of the original Cirebon Sultanate.[citation needed]

According to the manuscript Purwaka Caruban Nagari, Cirebon started as a small fishing village in the 15th century named Muara Jati which attracted foreign traders. The port master at that time was Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang, appointed by the king of Galuh kingdom, located inland in Kawali, Ciamis. He later moved the port to Lemahwungkuk, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the south. As the new settlement leader, Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang was bestowed with the title "Kuwu Cerbon" (Cerbon village leader).

A 15th-century prince from Pajajaran, Prince Walangsungsang, converted to Islam and was appointed as the Adipati (Duke) of Cirebon with the title Cakrabumi. He established the new kingdom of Cirebon and declared independence from Sunda and Galuh. The establishment of the Cirebon Sultanate marked the first Islamic rule in western Java, transforming Muara Jati into a busy port.[6] Cirebon was an independent sultanate under the leadership of Sunan Gunungjati in the early 16th century. After the Sunda Kingdom collapsed, the Sultanates of Banten and Mataram fought over control of Cirebon, which declared its allegiance to Sultan Agung of Mataram, whose grandson Amangkurat II ceded the city to the Dutch in 1677.[5] In 1705, a treaty saw the Cirebon area west of Cisanggarung River become a Dutch protectorate jointly administered by three sultans whose courts rivalled those of Central Java.[5] The Dutch authorities later established the Cirebon Residency (Residentie Tjirebon) which was composed of present-day Cirebon, Indramayu, and Kuningan.[7]

The coat of arms of Cirebon during the Dutch colonial era, granted in 1930

During the time of the Dutch "Culture System" a flourishing trade in colonial cash crops attracted many Chinese entrepreneurs and that influence is still evident in the batik for which Cirebon is famous.[citation needed][5] Cirebon suffered a famine in 1844, apparently triggered by a combination of drought and the shift from subsistence agriculture to cash crops, particularly indigo and sugarcane, enforced by Dutch's Cultivation system.

Geography

[edit]

Climate

[edit]

Cirebon has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate to little rainfall from June to October and heavy to very heavy rainfall from November to May.

Climate data for Cirebon
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.0
(87.8) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		32.3
(90.1) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.8
(92.8) 		32.9
(91.2) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.3
(90.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.9
(82.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		27.4
(81.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.7
(72.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.0
(71.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.6
(72.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 484
(19.1) 		402
(15.8) 		377
(14.8) 		193
(7.6) 		144
(5.7) 		77
(3.0) 		55
(2.2) 		42
(1.7) 		26
(1.0) 		62
(2.4) 		198
(7.8) 		333
(13.1) 		2,393
(94.2)
Source: Climate-Data.org[8]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

The city of Cirebon is divided into five administrative districts (kecamatan), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census[2] and the 2020 census,[3] together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.[1] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres and the number of administrative villages in each district (all classed as urban kelurahan).

Kode
Wilayah 		Name of
District
(kecamatan) 		Area
in
km2 		Pop'n
(2010
census) 		Pop'n
(2020
census) 		Pop'n
mid 2023
estimate 		Pop'n
density
2023
(per km2) 		Admin
centre 		No.
of
villages
32.74.03 Harjamukti 17.62 102,158 123,089 128,778 7,309 Kalijaga 5
32.74.02 Lemahwungkuk 7.16 52,811 57,503 58,418 8,159 Pegambiran 4
32.74.04 Pekalipan 1.59 28,927 29,742 29,716 18,689 Pekalipan 4
32.74.05 Kesambi 8.66 70,193 77,003 78,398 9,053 Kesambi 5
32.74.01 Kejaksan 4.45 42,300 45,966 46,670 10,488 Kesenden 4
Totals 39.48 296,389 333,303 341,980 8,662 Kejaksan 22

The five districts are sub-divided into twenty-two urban villages (kelurahan) which are listed below with their populations at the 2010 census[2] and the 2020 census.[3]

District
(kecamatan) 		Village
(kelurahan) 		Pop'n
2010
census 		Pop'n
2020
census
Harjamukti Argasunya 17,297 24,434
Harjamukti Kalijaga 29,550 36,627
Harjamukti Harjamukti 18,725 21,936
Harjamukti Kecapi 22,222 23,981
Harjamukti Larangan 14,364 16,111
Lemahwungkuk Pegambiran 20,363 23,261
Lemahwungkuk Kesepuhan 14,373 15,864
Lemahwungkuk Lemahwungkuk 7,799 8,332
Lemahwungkuk Panjunan 10,276 10,046
Pekalipan Jagasutra 9,704 10,004
Pekalipan Pulasaren 7,313 7,598
Pekalipan Pekalipan 6,195 6,211
Pekalipan Pekalangan 5,715 5,929
Kesambi Karyamulya 23,825 28,333
Kesambi Sunyaragi 10,779 12,342
Kesambi Drajat 15,100 15,737
Kesambi Kesambi 9,291 8,690
Kesambi Pekiringan 11,198 11,901
Kejaksan Kejaksan 8,959 9,086
Kejaksan Kebonbaru 8,125 8,823
Kejaksan Sukapura 13,341 14,502
Kejaksan Kesenden 11,875 13,475

Demographics

[edit]

The city's population was 298,224 at the Indonesia census of 2010.[9] The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 341,980.[1] As with other coastal cities in Indonesia, a large population of ethnic Chinese has flocked into the city as a result of long-term Chinese immigration since the 17th century. Other communities include Malays, Koreans, Arabs, Indians, Japanese.[10] Significant suburbs lie within densely populated Cirebon Regency, and the official metropolitan area encompasses this entire regency as well as the city.

Administrative division Area (km2) Pop'n
(2010
census) 		Pop'n
(2015
census) 		Pop'n
(2020
census) 		Pop'n
mid 2023
estimate 		Pop'n
density
2023
(per km2)
Cirebon City 39.48 296,389 307,319 333,303 341,980 8,662
Cirebon Regency 1,076.76 2,067,196 2,124,866 2,270,621 2,360,441 2,192
Greater Cirebon 1,116.24 2,363,585 2,432,185 2,603,924 2,702,421 2,421

Although surrounded by Sundanese-speaking areas in West Java, linguists have stated that Cirebon (and the historically related region of Serang city in Banten Province) are inside its own Cirebonese language area. In addition, this is supported by a large portion of the Cirebon people referring to themselves as "Wong Cirebon" ("Cirebonese people"), and to their language as "Basa Cirebon" ("Cirebonese"). Cirebonese language is related to Javanese and Banyumasan with dialects such as the Jawareh (half-Javanese half Sundanese), Plered, and Dermayon. There are also native Sundanese speakers in the city, who speak a local dialect known as Bahasa Sunda Cirebon (Cirebonese Sundanese language) which contains unique words not found in its Priangan counterpart.[citation needed]

Campaign for Cirebon Province

[edit]

In the modern era, some of the local political elite in Cirebon and surrounding regencies have campaigned for Cirebon city, together with the regencies of Cirebon, Indramayu, Kuningan and Majalengka to be established as a new province - in the same way as Banten Province was formed by splitting it away from West Java.[11] To be a new province it is required that it should be proposed by at least five regencies. Leaders from four of these administrations have given their consent, but Majalengka Regency has turned down the idea and indicated that it would prefer to stay part of West Java. However, the lack of support from the Majalengka area does not preclude Cirebon city and the other three regencies from continuing to promote the idea.[12]

The potential size and population of this possible Province would be as follows:

Name Capital Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
2010
census		 Pop'n
2020
census [13]		 Pop'n
mid 2023
estimate[14]
Cirebon City Cirebon 39.48 296,389 333,303 341,980
Cirebon Regency Sumber 1,076.76 2,067,196 2,270,621 2,360,441
Indramayu Regency Indramayu 2,099.42 1,663,737 1,834,434 1,894,325
Kuningan Regency Kuningan 1,194.09 1,035,589 1,167,686 1,201,764
Majalengka Regency Majalengka 1,204.24 1,166,473 1,305,476 1,340,617
Totals 5,613.99 6,229,384 6,911,520 7,139,127

Economy

[edit]

Cirebon City's economy is influenced by its strategic geographical location and by the characteristics of natural resources. Thus, the structure of its economy is dominated by manufacturing, trade, hotels and restaurants, transport and communications, and service sectors. Tomé Pires in the Suma Oriental around the year 1513 mentioned Cirebon was one of the trade centers on the island of Java. After Cirebon was taken over by the Dutch East Indies government in 1859, it was designated as a transit port for import-export goods and as a communications route to the political control center for the region in the interior of Java.

Until 2001, the economic contribution to the City of Cirebon was characterized by processing industry (41.32%), followed by trade, hotels and restaurants (29.8%), transport and communications sector (13.56%), and services sector (6.06%). Other sectors (9.26%) included mining, agriculture, construction, electricity, and gas. Aside from fishery, its harbor, Tanjung Emas, on the Java Sea has been a major hub for timber from Borneo.

Culture

[edit]

Cirebon itself is known as Grage in the Cirebon dialect of Javanese language, which came from the words "Negara Gede", meaning "Great Kingdom." As a port city, Cirebon attracts visitors and settlers from elsewhere in Indonesia and from other nations as well. Cirebon culture was described as Java Pasisiran (coastal) culture, similar to the cultures of Banten, Pekalongan, and Semarang, with notable mixtures of Sundanese, Chinese, Arabic-Islamic, and European influences.

Arts and crafts

[edit]
A Megamendung batik motif from Cirebon.

Batik textiles from Cirebon, especially Cirebon batik with vivid colors with motifs and patterns, that demonstrate Chinese and local influences, are well known. Chinese influences can be seen in Cirebon's culture, most notably the Cirebon batik Megamendung pattern that resembles Chinese cloud imagery. The Trusmi area is the production center of Cirebon batik. Cirebon Glass Painting is another aspect of Cirebon arts and crafts. The imagery in glass painting is usually derived from wayang theme to Islamic calligraphy.

Performing arts

[edit]
Cirebon mask dance

The Tari Topeng Cirebon, or Cirebon mask dance, is a dance style peculiar to the city. Topeng Cirebon mask dance, inspired by Javanese Panji cycles is one of notable Cirebon traditional dance and quite famous within Indonesian dances.

Cirebon culture is also influenced by Islamic Middle Eastern culture, such as the Burokan tradition where people exhibit the image of buraq — traditionally made from the bamboo frame and paper skin, or other materials — in processions around the village accompanied with music. The traditions of the bamboo statues borne in these processions are similar to Sundanese Sisingaan, Betawi Ondel-ondel, or Balinese Ogoh-ogoh processions, yet differ in their Islamic theme. Burokan are usually held during festive occasions such as circumcision or marriage, and are accompanied by popular Cirebon folk songs, such as tarling.

Tarling is a musical tradition reminiscent of Bandung's kecapi suling music with except that it features guitar, suling (bamboo flute) and voice.[4] The name derived from gitar (guitar), and suling (flute).

Sports

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Cirebon is the home town of the PSGJ Cirebon football team, the club plays in the Liga Nusantara. Another team, Cirebon Football Club, team also plays in the Liga Nusantara is based in the Bima stadium Cirebon. Other popular sports in Cirebon include Futsal.

Court culture

[edit]

The remnants of Cirebon sultanate; Kasepuhan, Kanoman, Kaprabonan, and Kacirebonan kratons are now run as cultural institutions to preserve Cirebon culture. Each still holds their traditional ceremonies and have become the patrons of Cirebon arts. Some of the royal symbols of the Cirebon Sultanate describe their legacy and influences. The banner of Cirebon Sultanate is called "Macan Ali" (Ali's panther) with Arabic calligraphy arranged to resemble a panther or tiger. These indicate both Islamic influence and that of the Hindu Pajajaran Sundanese King Siliwangi's tiger banner. The royal lineage of Cirebon is still well respected and is held in high prestige among the people of Cirebon, although it does not hold real political power anymore.

The royal carriage of Kasepuhan's Singa Barong and Kanoman's Paksi Naga Liman carriage resembles the chimera of three animals; eagle, elephant, and dragon. These symbolize Indian Hinduism, Arabic Islam, and Chinese influences. The images of Macan Ali, Singa Barong, and Paksi Naga Liman are also often featured as patterns in Cirebon batik.

Cuisine

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As a coastal city, Cirebon's main industry is fishery. Its products include terasi (shrimp paste), petis, krupuk udang (shrimp crackers) and various salted fish. Cirebon is famous for its high quality salted fish, such as jambal roti, juhi (salted cuttlefish), rebon, and ebi (dried small shrimp). These products are often sought by visitors, especially Indonesian domestic tourists and visitors from other cities, as oleh-oleh (food souvenirs).

Cirebon is also known for its local cuisines and delicacies, such as empal gentong (offal curry ), mie koclok (chicken noodle soup with coconut milk), nasi lengko (rice with bean sprouts, fried tofu, and fried tempeh, topped with peanut sauce and soy sauce), nasi jamblang (rice of various side dishes), tahu gejrot (fried tofu with ground garlic, chili, and shallot, topped with thin and sweet soy sauce), tahu petis (dry fried tofu served with petis dip sauce), tahu tek-tek (fried tofu topped with peanut sauce and mixed with vegetables), ayam panggang (barbecued chicken), and docang (lontong with sour vegetable soup).

Tourism

[edit]
Gate at Keraton Kasepuhan

As one tourist destination in West Java, Cirebon City offers many charms ranging from a historical tour of the royal glory of Islam, the story of the trustees, Complex Sunan Gunung Jati in Mount Sembung about 24 kilometres (15 mi) to the west of the city center, Great Mosque of Cirebon, At-Taqwa Mosque, temple ancient buildings and relics of Netherlands.

Cirebon is a palace at the same time in the city, namely Keraton Kasepuhan and Kanoman. Everything has architecture a combination of elements culture Islam, China, and Netherlands. Characteristics of the palace buildings are always facing north and there is a mosque nearby. Each palace has square as a gathering place, market and sculpture tiger in park or page forward as a symbol of King Siliwangi, the central character formation Sultanate of Cirebon. Another feature is the plate porcelain original China are so trimmer wall. Some dishes supposedly derived from Europe when Cirebon so port trade center island Java.

Cirebon city park has some of them Waterpark Sunyaragi and Park of Ade Irma Suryani. Water Parks Sunyaragi has technology flow water advanced in his time, the water flows between the terraces where the princess king preening, page grass green where the knight practice, plus tower and room privileged that door was made of curtain water.

Orientation and places

[edit]
Entrance to the tomb of Sunan Gunung Jati.

The main boulevard is Jalan Siliwangi. It runs from the train station to the canal via the Pasar Pagi ("Morning Market"). Then the street becomes Jalan Karanggetas along which are most of Cirebon's banks, restaurants, and hotels. There are a number of historic buildings and other key sites in Cirebon, some of them in an advanced state of decay. These include the buildings of the several kratons, the Sang Cipta Rasa Grand Mosque, and the Gua Sunyaragi Park.[15]

Wali Songo, especially Sunan Gunung Jati, is known to have influenced the city's history. Sunan Gunung Jati's grave is located several kilometers outside the city in the Gunung Jati district. There are two temples and a cave system built by two Chinese architects around the 1880s, decorated by Chinese and Western porcelain. The village of Trusmi, about five kilometers outside of Cirebon, has been noted for batik production. Plangon is a habitat of monkeys.

Mt Ceremai, the highest peak in West Java, is a large volcano situated about 40 km (25 mi) to the south of Cirebon. Parks and other tourist spots on the slopes of Mt Ceremai are popular places for groups from Cirebon to visit during weekends to escape from the hotter climate on the coast. The village of Linggajati, near the town of Cilimus, (where the Linggadjati Agreement was signed) is one such place. Public transportation brings tourists and visitors here.

Cityscape

[edit]
Cirebon Skyline

Transportation

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Airport

[edit]

Cirebon residents are now using Kertajati International Airport, serving the Greater Cirebon metropolitan and surrounding area.[16]

Cakrabhuwana Airport in Penggung, Harjamukti subdistrict also serves the TNI-AU. The city lies on Jalur Pantura (Pantai Utara Jawa), a major road on the northern coast of Java that stretches from Anyer, passes through Jakarta, and ends at Surabaya.

Port of Cirebon

[edit]
Main article: Port of Cirebon
Port of Cirebon.

The Port of Cirebon was established by the Dutch in 1865, principally as an export point for spices, sugar cane, and raw materials from West Java. Warehouses and open storage areas were developed by 1890, and a British American Tobacco cigarette factory was built in the early 20th century.

Port activity is dominated by bulk imports of coal, liquid asphalt and vegetable oils for the West Java hinterland. Until 2002, the port also catered for minor container trade and cruise shipping. In 2006 the port handled 3.27 million metric tons (MT) of trade, more than 90 percent as imports from other Indonesian ports.

Public service

[edit]

Nearly 93% of the population has been underserved by service water from PDAM Cirebon, the majority of customers in the city's water supply to households (90.37% or as many as 59,006) of the total number of existing connections (65,287).[17]

Health

[edit]

Since the Dutch East Indies government, Cirebon City has had a hospital named Orange, which unveiled its use on August 31, 1921, and commenced operations from September 1, 1921. Currently the name of Orange Hospital become Gunung Jati Hospital.

In 2009 in the city of Cirebon has been available about 6 general hospitals, four maternity hospitals, 21 health centers, 15 health centers Maid, 20 Mobile Health Center, and 81 Pharmacies and Drug Stores 31. With the number of medical personnel such as specialist doctors about 94 people, and 116 general practitioners, 37 dentists, 847 nurses, and 278 midwives.[18]

Notable people

[edit]
Main category: People from Cirebon

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
Main article: List of twin town and sister cities in Indonesia

Cirebon has sister relationships with a number of towns worldwide:

[edit]
  • The port of Cirebon in the 17th century
    The port of Cirebon in the 17th century
  • At-Taqwa Mosque
    At-Taqwa Mosque
  • The main building of the Cirebon City Hall
    The main building of the Cirebon City Hall
  • The building of Cirebon City Legislatures (DPRD)
    The building of Cirebon City Legislatures (DPRD)
  • Building inside Keraton Kasepuhan complex
    Building inside Keraton Kasepuhan complex
  • Sculpture in Keraton Kasepuhan
    Sculpture in Keraton Kasepuhan
  • Sunyaragi meditation caves
    Sunyaragi meditation caves
  • Guanyin Temple in Cirebon
    Guanyin Temple in Cirebon
  • Former building of the British-American-Tobacco
    Former building of the British-American-Tobacco
  • Cirebonese Batik Art depicting Hindu legend Arjun in his chariot in Mahabharat
    Cirebonese Batik Art depicting Hindu legend Arjun in his chariot in Mahabharat

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Cirebon Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3274)
  2. ^ a b c Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  4. ^ a b Turner, Peter (November 1995). Java. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 229. ISBN 0-86442-314-4.
  5. ^ a b c d Turner, Peter (November 1995). Java. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. 229. ISBN 0-86442-314-4.
  6. ^ "Profil Sejarah Pemerintahan". Cirebonkota.go.id.
  7. ^ Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). Lands-Drukkerij. 1874-01-01.
  8. ^ "Climate: Cirebon". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  9. ^ "Bandung Kota Terpadat di Jawa Barat | nusa | Tempo.co". Tempointeraktif.com. 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2012-05-23.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ TFI
  11. ^ Arya Dipa, Council urged to endorse formation of Cirebon province', The Jakarta Post, 31 May 2012.
  12. ^ "Masyarakat Majalengka Tolak Provinsi Baru". February 21, 2012.
  13. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  14. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2024.
  15. ^ Nana Rukmana, '52 Cirebon historic buildings in peril', The Jakarta Post, 16 July 2012.
  16. ^ TFI
  17. ^ "Profile Cirebon" (PDF). Ciptakarya.pu.go.id.
  18. ^ "Cirebon health data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-12.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Graaf, H. J. de (Hermanus Johannes de Graaf), 1899-(?), "Chinese Muslims in Java in the 15th and 16th centuries: the Malay Annals of Semarang and Cerbon / translated and provided with comments by H. J. de Graaf and Theodoor Gautier Thomas Pigeaud; edited by M.C. Ricklefs. Publisher: [Melbourne] | Monash University, 1984. Description: xiii, 221 p. | folded map ; 21 cm. ISBN 0-86746-419-4 | Series: Monash papers on Southeast Asia; no. 12
  • Sulendraningrat, P.S. (1985). Sejarah Cirebon. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. OCLC 246515112.
[edit]
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